{
 "title": "United States · constitutional backbone",
 "version": "2026-10-07",
 "frame": "US constitutional order as amended; recognized judicial practice; explicit popular-sovereignty modeling premise",
 "sources": {
  "C": {
   "title": "U.S. Constitution · National Archives",
   "url": "https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/constitution-transcript",
   "basis": "Constitutional text"
  },
  "B": {
   "title": "Bill of Rights · National Archives",
   "url": "https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/bill-of-rights-transcript",
   "basis": "Constitutional text"
  },
  "A": {
   "title": "Amendments 11–27 · National Archives",
   "url": "https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/amendments-11-27",
   "basis": "Constitutional text"
  },
  "J": {
   "title": "Constitutional interpretation · Supreme Court",
   "url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/constitutional.aspx",
   "basis": "Recognized judicial practice"
  },
  "I": {
   "title": "Due process & incorporation · Constitution Annotated",
   "url": "https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/amdt14-S1-3/ALDE_00013743/",
   "basis": "Judicial interpretation"
  },
  "L": {
   "title": "Government organization · U.S. Census Bureau",
   "url": "https://www.census.gov/topics/public-sector/government-organization/about/glossary.html",
   "basis": "Institutional summary"
  },
  "T": {
   "title": "Tribal legal status · Bureau of Indian Affairs",
   "url": "https://www.bia.gov/faqs/what-legal-status-american-indian-and-alaska-native-tribes",
   "basis": "Institutional summary"
  },
  "H": {
   "title": "Home rule history · D.C. Council",
   "url": "https://dccouncil.gov/dc-home-rule/",
   "basis": "Institutional history"
  },
  "DC": {
   "title": "Home Rule Act · D.C. Law Library",
   "url": "https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/code/titles/1/chapters/2",
   "basis": "Statutory text"
  },
  "DR": {
   "title": "Congressional reservation · D.C. Code",
   "url": "https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/code/sections/1-206.01",
   "basis": "Statutory text"
  },
  "DL": {
   "title": "Local legislative power · D.C. Code",
   "url": "https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/code/sections/1-203.02",
   "basis": "Statutory text"
  },
  "DE": {
   "title": "Council election · D.C. Code",
   "url": "https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/code/sections/1-204.01",
   "basis": "Statutory text"
  }
 },
 "nodes": {
  "people": {
   "name": "The people",
   "sub": "Accepted ground holders",
   "kind": "GROUND",
   "description": "This frame accepts popular sovereignty, including the people organized in the several states. That is an explicit modeling premise, not a computational proof of legitimacy. Ratification is represented separately from the instrument that records it.",
   "source": "C",
   "locator": "Preamble; Article VII"
  },
  "settlement": {
   "name": "Constitutional settlement",
   "sub": "Ratifying acts · Article VII",
   "kind": "ACT",
   "description": "State conventions ratified the Constitution. The document records the constitutional settlement; it is not itself a holder. This aggregate ACT stands for the ratifying acts, not a single nationwide vote.",
   "source": "C",
   "locator": "Preamble; Article VII"
  },
  "congress": {
   "name": "Congress",
   "sub": "House + Senate · composite",
   "kind": "BODY",
   "description": "Congress holds the legislative powers granted by the Constitution. Bicameral passage and presentment are part of the holder and exercise procedure; the two chambers also have powers of their own.",
   "source": "C",
   "locator": "Article I §§1, 7–8"
  },
  "house": {
   "name": "House of Representatives",
   "sub": "Popular election · two-year terms",
   "kind": "BODY",
   "description": "The House has its own constitutional powers, including impeachment and originating revenue bills. It is also one member of legislative and amendment procedures.",
   "source": "C",
   "locator": "Article I §§2, 7"
  },
  "senate": {
   "name": "Senate",
   "sub": "Two per state · six-year terms",
   "kind": "BODY",
   "description": "Senators are now elected by the people of each state under Amendment XVII. The Senate participates in legislation, appointments and treaties, and tries impeachments.",
   "source": "A",
   "locator": "Amendment XVII; Article I §3; Article II §2"
  },
  "president": {
   "name": "President",
   "sub": "Executive office · four-year term",
   "kind": "OFFICE",
   "description": "The office holds executive power and specified powers including command, pardons and participation in appointments. An incumbent must acquire valid occupancy; an election does not enlarge the powers of the office.",
   "source": "C",
   "locator": "Article II"
  },
  "vp": {
   "name": "Vice President",
   "sub": "Succession + Senate role",
   "kind": "OFFICE",
   "description": "The Vice President presides over the Senate and may break ties. Succession and acting-presidency mechanisms are distinct from that legislative role.",
   "source": "C",
   "locator": "Article I §3; Amendment XXV"
  },
  "scotus": {
   "name": "Supreme Court",
   "sub": "Article III judicial power",
   "kind": "BODY",
   "description": "One Supreme Court is constitutionally established. Its judicial power operates through cases and controversies, with original and appellate jurisdiction distinguished. Judicial review is a recognized interpretive practice.",
   "source": "C",
   "locator": "Article III §§1–2"
  },
  "courts": {
   "name": "Inferior federal courts",
   "sub": "Established by congressional acts",
   "kind": "BODY",
   "description": "Congress may establish lower federal courts. Article III judges have good-behavior tenure and compensation protection. This atlas does not enumerate statutes creating each court or its jurisdiction.",
   "source": "C",
   "locator": "Article I §8 cl.9; Article III"
  },
  "departments": {
   "name": "Executive departments",
   "sub": "Statutes + valid appointments",
   "kind": "BODY",
   "description": "Departments and their officers exercise particular statutory and constitutional authorities. This is an aggregate boundary node, not a claim that every agency power is a personal presidential delegation.",
   "source": "C",
   "locator": "Article II §2; Article I §8 cl.18"
  },
  "armed": {
   "name": "Armed forces",
   "sub": "Command within law",
   "kind": "BODY",
   "description": "Congress supplies war, funding and organizational powers; the President is Commander in Chief. Those are different powers, not one unbounded military chain.",
   "source": "C",
   "locator": "Article I §8 cls.11–16; Article II §2"
  },
  "states": {
   "name": "The states",
   "sub": "Retained authority · 50 legal orders",
   "kind": "HOLDERS",
   "description": "State authority is not granted by the federal government. This aggregate stands for distinct state legal orders; the Tenth Amendment recognizes the reservation of undelegated powers, subject to constitutional prohibitions.",
   "source": "B",
   "locator": "Amendment X"
  },
  "stateleg": {
   "name": "State legislatures",
   "sub": "State constitutions + federal roles",
   "kind": "BODIES",
   "description": "Each legislature derives its ordinary powers under its state legal order. Federal constitutional roles include election regulation and Article V participation. No uniform state separation-of-powers scheme is assumed here.",
   "source": "C",
   "locator": "Articles I §4, II §1, V"
  },
  "stateexec": {
   "name": "State executives",
   "sub": "State law + vacancy duties",
   "kind": "OFFICES",
   "description": "State executives have state-specific powers. Federal provisions assign House-election writs and, when state law authorizes it, temporary Senate appointments.",
   "source": "C",
   "locator": "Article I §2; Amendment XVII"
  },
  "statecourts": {
   "name": "State courts",
   "sub": "State law + binding federal law",
   "kind": "BODIES",
   "description": "State courts derive their organization from state law and are bound by the federal Constitution, valid federal statutes and treaties under the Supremacy Clause.",
   "source": "C",
   "locator": "Article VI cl.2"
  },
  "electors": {
   "name": "Presidential electors",
   "sub": "State appointment + D.C. electors",
   "kind": "COMPOSITE",
   "description": "The Constitution assigns states the appointment of electors under legislature-directed procedures; Amendment XXIII also provides D.C. electors. Presidential and vice-presidential ballots are separate under Amendment XII.",
   "source": "A",
   "locator": "Amendments XII, XXIII; Article II §1"
  },
  "local": {
   "name": "Local governments",
   "sub": "State constitutions & statutes",
   "kind": "BODIES",
   "description": "Counties, municipalities and special districts have state-specific sources of authority. They are not a third coequal sovereign tier created by the federal Constitution. Home-rule arrangements vary.",
   "source": "L",
   "locator": "County, municipal and special district definitions"
  },
  "tribes": {
   "name": "Tribal nations",
   "sub": "Inherent sovereignty",
   "kind": "HOLDERS",
   "description": "Tribal nations retain inherent powers of self-government; they are not subdivisions of states. Federal Indian law, treaties and each nation’s own legal order need a separate, fuller graph.",
   "source": "T",
   "locator": "Tribal nationhood and inherent self-government"
  },
  "territories": {
   "name": "Territories & federal property",
   "sub": "Article IV authority",
   "kind": "DOMAIN",
   "description": "The Property Clause gives Congress rulemaking authority concerning U.S. territory and property. This aggregate does not describe every territory’s governing compact, organic act or constitutional status.",
   "source": "C",
   "locator": "Article IV §3 cl.2"
  },
  "dc": {
   "name": "District of Columbia",
   "sub": "Federal district + local institutions",
   "kind": "DOMAIN",
   "description": "Congress has constitutional legislative authority over the federal district. Amendment XXIII provides presidential electors. The D.C. lens expands a small home-rule path; other district institutions remain outside this backbone.",
   "source": "C",
   "locator": "Article I §8 cl.17; Amendment XXIII"
  },
  "rights": {
   "name": "Rights-holders",
   "sub": "People protected by LIMITs",
   "kind": "HOLDERS",
   "description": "Rights constrain government authority and protect holders; they are not a delegation from an agency. The Bill of Rights, Reconstruction Amendments and later voting amendments supply important limits.",
   "source": "B",
   "locator": "Amendments I–X; later amendments"
  },
  "amendment": {
   "name": "Amendment procedure",
   "sub": "Proposal followed by ratification",
   "kind": "COMPOSITE",
   "description": "Article V uses alternative proposal routes followed by state ratification. Congress selects legislative or convention ratification. The President has no Article V signature or veto role.",
   "source": "C",
   "locator": "Article V"
  },
  "law": {
   "name": "Federal legal effects",
   "sub": "Valid statutes, treaties & judgments",
   "kind": "DOMAIN",
   "description": "A target domain for exercises of federal authority. Supremacy attaches to constitutionally valid federal law, not merely to whatever an officeholder asserts.",
   "source": "C",
   "locator": "Article VI cl.2"
  },
  "dcpeople": {
   "name": "D.C. residents",
   "sub": "Local electorate ≠ all residents",
   "kind": "PEOPLE",
   "description": "A territorial community whose qualified electors select local officeholders. Residence alone is not a voting qualification. This is distinct from the historical constituting community represented by the accepted federal ground.",
   "source": "DE",
   "locator": "D.C. Code §1–204.01(a)"
  },
  "homerule": {
   "name": "Home-rule settlement",
   "sub": "1973 enactment · 1974 approval",
   "kind": "ACT",
   "description": "Congress enacted the Home Rule Act; District voters approved the charter in 1974. This display node groups distinct enactment and approval acts. Congressional authority and local approval both matter.",
   "source": "H",
   "locator": "Home Rule Act and 1974 referendum"
  },
  "dccouncil": {
   "name": "D.C. Council",
   "sub": "Local legislative body",
   "kind": "BODY",
   "description": "Elected local legislature. Its powers derive through the Home Rule Act, subject to constitutional and statutory limits. Elections select members; they do not enlarge the Council’s legislative scope.",
   "source": "DC",
   "locator": "D.C. Code §§1–203.02, 1–204.01, 1–204.04"
  }
 },
 "records": [
  {
   "id": "A01",
   "type": "ACT",
   "title": "Ratify the constitutional settlement",
   "holder": "people",
   "target": "settlement",
   "scope": "Establish the Constitution among ratifying states.",
   "conditions": "Conventions of nine states suffice for establishment among those ratifying. This is an aggregate of acts.",
   "locator": "Preamble; Article VII",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "GROUND · accepted popular-sovereignty frame"
  },
  {
   "id": "P01",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Exercise federal legislative power",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "law",
   "scope": "Legislative powers granted by the Constitution.",
   "conditions": "Composite: House and Senate passage, then presentment; signature, qualifying inaction, or override.",
   "locator": "Article I §§1, 7–8",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P02",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Tax and spend",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "law",
   "scope": "Debts, common defense and general welfare.",
   "conditions": "Constitutional tax limitations apply; duties, imposts and excises must be uniform. Income-tax apportionment is modified by Amendment XVI.",
   "locator": "Article I §8 cl.1; Amendment XVI",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P03",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Borrow on U.S. credit",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "law",
   "scope": "Borrow money on the credit of the United States.",
   "conditions": "Exercise through a valid law and applicable constitutional constraints.",
   "locator": "Article I §8 cl.2",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P04",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Regulate commerce",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "law",
   "scope": "Commerce with foreign nations, among states, and with Indian tribes.",
   "conditions": "Scope is legally interpreted; this is not an unlimited general police power.",
   "locator": "Article I §8 cl.3",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P05",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Naturalization and bankruptcy",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "law",
   "scope": "Uniform naturalization rules and bankruptcy laws.",
   "conditions": "Uniformity and other constitutional limits apply.",
   "locator": "Article I §8 cl.4",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P06",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Money, measures and counterfeiting",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "law",
   "scope": "Coinage, value, weights and measures, and counterfeiting penalties.",
   "conditions": "Constitutional and procedural limits apply.",
   "locator": "Article I §8 cls.5–6",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P07",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Post offices and intellectual property",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "law",
   "scope": "Postal infrastructure; exclusive rights for authors and inventors.",
   "conditions": "Intellectual-property exclusivity is for limited times and the stated constitutional purpose.",
   "locator": "Article I §8 cls.7–8",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P08",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Establish inferior federal courts",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "courts",
   "scope": "Create tribunals below the Supreme Court.",
   "conditions": "Requires valid legislative action. Article III protections constrain Article III courts.",
   "locator": "Article I §8 cl.9; Article III §1",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P09",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Define maritime and international offenses",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "law",
   "scope": "Piracy, felonies on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations.",
   "conditions": "Congressional definition and punishment within the granted scope.",
   "locator": "Article I §8 cl.10",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P10",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "War and military organization",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "armed",
   "scope": "Declare war; authorize marque and reprisal; captures; raise armies; maintain a navy; military rules.",
   "conditions": "Army appropriations may not exceed two years. Command is a distinct executive power.",
   "locator": "Article I §8 cls.11–14",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P11",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Militia arrangements",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "armed",
   "scope": "Calling forth, organizing, arming and disciplining the militia.",
   "conditions": "States retain appointment of officers and training under congressional discipline; federal service changes command.",
   "locator": "Article I §8 cls.15–16",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P12",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Legislate for the federal district",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "dc",
   "scope": "Federal district and qualifying federal enclaves.",
   "conditions": "Constitutional acquisition, consent and district conditions apply.",
   "locator": "Article I §8 cl.17",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P13",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Make necessary and proper laws",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "departments",
   "scope": "Laws carrying granted federal powers into execution.",
   "conditions": "Tied to constitutionally vested powers; not an independent unlimited subject-matter grant.",
   "locator": "Article I §8 cl.18",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P14",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Originate revenue bills",
   "holder": "house",
   "target": "congress",
   "scope": "Bills for raising revenue.",
   "conditions": "Originate in the House; Senate may propose or concur in amendments.",
   "locator": "Article I §7 cl.1",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P15",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Return a bill with objections",
   "holder": "president",
   "target": "congress",
   "scope": "Veto legislation through the presentment procedure.",
   "conditions": "Return within the constitutional window; two-thirds repassage in both chambers can override. Pocket-veto conditions are distinct.",
   "locator": "Article I §7 cl.2",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P16",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Override a presidential veto",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "president",
   "scope": "Enact a returned bill despite presidential objections.",
   "conditions": "Two-thirds in each House on reconsideration; votes recorded. This is a composite exercise, not one chamber’s power.",
   "locator": "Article I §7 cl.2",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P17",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Impeach civil officers",
   "holder": "house",
   "target": "president",
   "scope": "Bring impeachment charges; the target includes other civil officers too.",
   "conditions": "The House has the sole impeachment power. Impeachment alone is not conviction or removal.",
   "locator": "Article I §2 cl.5; Article II §4",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P18",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Try impeachments and convict",
   "holder": "senate",
   "target": "president",
   "scope": "Try impeachments; conviction entails removal for covered officers.",
   "conditions": "Two-thirds of members present must concur in conviction; Chief Justice presides when the President is tried.",
   "locator": "Article I §3 cls.6–7; Article II §4",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P19",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Set chamber rules and expel members",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "congress",
   "scope": "Each House separately governs its own proceedings and membership discipline.",
   "conditions": "A majority is a quorum; expulsion requires two-thirds. “Congress” here aggregates two distinct holders.",
   "locator": "Article I §5",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P20",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Exercise executive power",
   "holder": "president",
   "target": "departments",
   "scope": "Executive authority vested in the President.",
   "conditions": "The office remains subject to the Constitution and applicable law. Department powers also have specific statutory sources.",
   "locator": "Article II §1; §3",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P21",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Command the armed forces",
   "holder": "president",
   "target": "armed",
   "scope": "Army, Navy and state militia when called into U.S. service.",
   "conditions": "Congress retains separate war, funding and organization powers. Particular deployments require more legal analysis.",
   "locator": "Article II §2 cl.1",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P22",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Grant reprieves and pardons",
   "holder": "president",
   "target": "law",
   "scope": "Offenses against the United States.",
   "conditions": "Does not reach state offenses or impeachment. The fixture below isolates only these express scope limits.",
   "locator": "Article II §2 cl.1",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P23",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Make treaties with Senate consent",
   "holder": "president",
   "target": "law",
   "scope": "Treaties under federal authority.",
   "conditions": "Composite: President + concurrence of two-thirds of Senators present. Treaty validity has further constitutional limits.",
   "locator": "Article II §2 cl.2",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P24",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Appoint principal federal officers",
   "holder": "president",
   "target": "departments",
   "scope": "Ambassadors, principal officers and other covered offices established by law.",
   "conditions": "Nomination, Senate advice and consent, then appointment. Includes Supreme Court judges; inferior-officer exceptions need legislation.",
   "locator": "Article II §2 cl.2",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P25",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Consent to appointments",
   "holder": "senate",
   "target": "departments",
   "scope": "Advice and consent for appointments requiring it.",
   "conditions": "The Senate does not itself appoint through this procedure; the President nominates and appoints.",
   "locator": "Article II §2 cl.2",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P26",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Vest inferior-officer appointment",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "departments",
   "scope": "Assign appointment of inferior officers by law.",
   "conditions": "Permitted holders: President alone, courts of law, or heads of departments. Whether an officer is inferior can require interpretation.",
   "locator": "Article II §2 cl.2",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P27",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Make recess appointments",
   "holder": "president",
   "target": "departments",
   "scope": "Vacancies covered by the Recess Appointments Clause.",
   "conditions": "Commissions expire at the end of the Senate’s next session; qualifying recess and vacancy questions require doctrine.",
   "locator": "Article II §2 cl.3",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "D01",
   "type": "DUTY",
   "title": "Faithfully execute the laws",
   "holder": "president",
   "target": "law",
   "scope": "Take care that the laws be faithfully executed.",
   "conditions": "Mapped here as DUTY; v1’s execution gate does not infer liability or enforce duties.",
   "locator": "Article II §3",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "D02",
   "type": "DUTY",
   "title": "Report to Congress",
   "holder": "president",
   "target": "congress",
   "scope": "Information on the State of the Union and recommendations.",
   "conditions": "From time to time; distinguish this duty from a grant of legislative power.",
   "locator": "Article II §3",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P28",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Receive ambassadors; convene Congress",
   "holder": "president",
   "target": "congress",
   "scope": "Receive ambassadors; convene either or both Houses on extraordinary occasions.",
   "conditions": "Adjournment power is limited to disagreement between Houses about adjournment time. These are separate effects, grouped for readability.",
   "locator": "Article II §3",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P29",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Exercise federal judicial power",
   "holder": "scotus",
   "target": "law",
   "scope": "The Article III categories of cases and controversies.",
   "conditions": "Original and appellate jurisdiction differ; congressional exceptions and regulations affect appellate jurisdiction. Inferior-court grants also require statutes.",
   "locator": "Article III §§1–2",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P30",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Determine constitutionality in cases",
   "holder": "scotus",
   "target": "law",
   "scope": "Judicial review of government action in a case within jurisdiction.",
   "conditions": "Recognized judicial practice, famously articulated in Marbury. This is not a free-standing power to advise or govern every dispute.",
   "locator": "Judicial review; Marbury v. Madison",
   "source": "J",
   "origin": "Article III judicial power + recognized interpretive practice",
   "confidence": "interpretive"
  },
  {
   "id": "L01",
   "type": "LIMIT",
   "title": "Protect Article III judicial tenure",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "courts",
   "scope": "No ordinary at-will ending of Article III judicial occupancy; no diminution of judicial pay.",
   "conditions": "Good-behavior tenure; impeachment and conviction remain distinct constitutional mechanisms.",
   "locator": "Article III §1; Article II §4",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "L02",
   "type": "LIMIT",
   "title": "Require legislative appropriations",
   "holder": "president",
   "target": "law",
   "scope": "Drawing money from the Treasury.",
   "conditions": "A valid appropriation made by law is required; possessing executive power is not itself an appropriation.",
   "locator": "Article I §9 cl.7",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "D03",
   "type": "DUTY",
   "title": "Publish public-money accounts",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "people",
   "scope": "Regular statements of public receipts and expenditures.",
   "conditions": "Constitutional publication requirement; this model groups the federal obligation under Congress for display.",
   "locator": "Article I §9 cl.7",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "L03",
   "type": "LIMIT",
   "title": "Protect habeas corpus",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "rights",
   "scope": "Suspension of the privilege of the writ.",
   "conditions": "Exception: rebellion or invasion when public safety requires it. Application requires interpretation of the facts and law.",
   "locator": "Article I §9 cl.2",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "L04",
   "type": "LIMIT",
   "title": "No attainder or ex post facto laws",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "rights",
   "scope": "Prohibited legislative punishments and retroactive penal laws.",
   "conditions": "Federal and state prohibitions have separate clauses; later judicial interpretation fixes their scope.",
   "locator": "Article I §9 cl.3; §10 cl.1",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "L05",
   "type": "LIMIT",
   "title": "First Amendment freedoms",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "rights",
   "scope": "Religion, speech, press, peaceful assembly and petition.",
   "conditions": "Text constrains Congress; applicable protections also bind other government actors through doctrine, including incorporation against states.",
   "locator": "Amendment I",
   "source": "B",
   "origin": "Bill of Rights ratification, 1791"
  },
  {
   "id": "L06",
   "type": "LIMIT",
   "title": "Arms and quartering protections",
   "holder": "president",
   "target": "rights",
   "scope": "Keep and bear arms; quartering soldiers in homes.",
   "conditions": "Amendment II scope is interpreted; Amendment III distinguishes peace, consent and legally prescribed wartime quartering.",
   "locator": "Amendments II–III",
   "source": "B",
   "origin": "Bill of Rights ratification, 1791"
  },
  {
   "id": "L07",
   "type": "LIMIT",
   "title": "Search, process and criminal safeguards",
   "holder": "president",
   "target": "rights",
   "scope": "Searches and seizures, prosecution, self-incrimination, due process and takings.",
   "conditions": "Amendments IV–V supply distinct tests and exceptions; a generic permission cannot bypass applicable protections.",
   "locator": "Amendments IV–V",
   "source": "B",
   "origin": "Bill of Rights ratification, 1791"
  },
  {
   "id": "L08",
   "type": "LIMIT",
   "title": "Trial and punishment safeguards",
   "holder": "courts",
   "target": "rights",
   "scope": "Criminal trial protections, civil jury rights and punishment limits.",
   "conditions": "Amendments VI–VIII have distinct scopes. Incorporation is selective, not automatic for every provision.",
   "locator": "Amendments VI–VIII",
   "source": "B",
   "origin": "Bill of Rights ratification, 1791"
  },
  {
   "id": "L09",
   "type": "LIMIT",
   "title": "Respect unenumerated retained rights",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "rights",
   "scope": "Construction of the Constitution’s enumeration of rights.",
   "conditions": "Enumeration is not a basis to deny or disparage other retained rights; particular claims require legal interpretation.",
   "locator": "Amendment IX",
   "source": "B",
   "origin": "Bill of Rights ratification, 1791"
  },
  {
   "id": "R01",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Recognize retained state authority",
   "holder": "states",
   "target": "people",
   "scope": "Powers neither delegated to the United States nor prohibited to states.",
   "conditions": "Recognition, not a federal grant. Specific state powers derive from each state legal order; this record is an aggregate.",
   "locator": "Amendment X",
   "source": "B",
   "origin": "State legal orders / accepted ground holders; not Amendment X",
   "recognizedBy": "Amendment X ratification · declaratory ACT"
  },
  {
   "id": "L10",
   "type": "LIMIT",
   "title": "Apply valid federal supremacy",
   "holder": "states",
   "target": "law",
   "scope": "Incompatible state law yields within the scope of valid federal law.",
   "conditions": "Federal statutes must be made pursuant to the Constitution. Scope, preemption and applicability may require determinations.",
   "locator": "Article VI cl.2",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "L11",
   "type": "LIMIT",
   "title": "Restrict specified state actions",
   "holder": "states",
   "target": "law",
   "scope": "Treaties, coinage, certain fiscal and military acts, contracts and other enumerated prohibitions.",
   "conditions": "Some prohibitions are absolute; others permit congressional consent or specified emergencies. See the separate clauses.",
   "locator": "Article I §10",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "L12",
   "type": "LIMIT",
   "title": "Equal protection and state due process",
   "holder": "states",
   "target": "rights",
   "scope": "State deprivations of life, liberty or property; equal protection; privileges or immunities.",
   "conditions": "The text protects persons or citizens as specified. Scope and remedies require judicial interpretation.",
   "locator": "Amendment XIV §1",
   "source": "A",
   "origin": "Ratification of the cited amendment(s)"
  },
  {
   "id": "L13",
   "type": "LIMIT",
   "title": "Apply incorporated rights to states",
   "holder": "states",
   "target": "rights",
   "scope": "Many Bill of Rights protections through the Fourteenth Amendment.",
   "conditions": "Judicial incorporation is selective; do not treat the entire Bill of Rights as incorporated wholesale.",
   "locator": "Amendment XIV incorporation doctrine",
   "source": "I",
   "origin": "Source-specific legal history; not expanded in this backbone",
   "confidence": "interpretive"
  },
  {
   "id": "L14",
   "type": "LIMIT",
   "title": "Prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude",
   "holder": "states",
   "target": "rights",
   "scope": "The United States and places subject to its jurisdiction.",
   "conditions": "Text includes an exception for punishment of crime after due conviction; unlike many rights provisions, it reaches beyond state action.",
   "locator": "Amendment XIII §1",
   "source": "A",
   "origin": "Ratification of the cited amendment(s)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P31",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Enforce Reconstruction Amendments",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "states",
   "scope": "Appropriate legislation enforcing Amendments XIII, XIV and XV.",
   "conditions": "Scope of each enforcement power differs and is judicially interpreted; no unlimited amendment-by-statute power.",
   "locator": "Amendments XIII §2, XIV §5, XV §2",
   "source": "A",
   "origin": "Ratification of the cited amendment(s)"
  },
  {
   "id": "L15",
   "type": "LIMIT",
   "title": "Protect voting against specified exclusions",
   "holder": "states",
   "target": "rights",
   "scope": "Race, color, previous servitude, sex; federal-election poll taxes; age for citizens 18 or older.",
   "conditions": "Federal and state governments are constrained under Amendments XV, XIX, XXIV and XXVI; each has its own scope.",
   "locator": "Amendments XV, XIX, XXIV, XXVI",
   "source": "A",
   "origin": "Ratification of the cited amendment(s)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P32",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Regulate congressional elections",
   "holder": "stateleg",
   "target": "house",
   "scope": "Times, places and manner for House and Senate elections.",
   "conditions": "Congress may make or alter these regulations by law, subject to the clause’s exception. Other constitutional limits apply.",
   "locator": "Article I §4",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P33",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Appoint presidential electors",
   "holder": "states",
   "target": "electors",
   "scope": "Appointment in the manner directed by each state legislature.",
   "conditions": "Subject to federal constitutional requirements; D.C. electors have a separate Amendment XXIII source.",
   "locator": "Article II §1; Amendment XXIII",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "O01",
   "type": "OCCUPANCY",
   "title": "Elect Representatives",
   "holder": "people",
   "target": "house",
   "scope": "Qualified agents occupy House seats for two-year terms.",
   "conditions": "Election must be valid; age, citizenship and inhabitancy requirements apply. This is a rule template, not a live occupant record.",
   "locator": "Article I §2; Amendment XX",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "A particular valid election ACT is required"
  },
  {
   "id": "O02",
   "type": "OCCUPANCY",
   "title": "Elect Senators",
   "holder": "people",
   "target": "senate",
   "scope": "Qualified agents occupy Senate seats for six-year terms.",
   "conditions": "Direct election by each state’s people; vacancies follow Amendment XVII. No current officeholder data is asserted.",
   "locator": "Amendment XVII; Article I §3",
   "source": "A",
   "origin": "A particular valid election or authorized appointment ACT"
  },
  {
   "id": "O03",
   "type": "OCCUPANCY",
   "title": "Select President and Vice President",
   "holder": "electors",
   "target": "president",
   "scope": "Four-year terms under the constitutional election procedure.",
   "conditions": "Separate ballots; majority of appointed electors. Contingent House/Senate procedures apply if no required majority.",
   "locator": "Article II §1; Amendments XII, XX, XXII, XXIII",
   "source": "A",
   "origin": "Valid elector appointment, electoral vote and applicable selection ACTs"
  },
  {
   "id": "O04",
   "type": "OCCUPANCY",
   "title": "Appoint federal judges",
   "holder": "president",
   "target": "scotus",
   "scope": "Occupancy of judicial offices established by the Constitution or law.",
   "conditions": "President nominates; Senate consents; President appoints. Article III tenure is during good behavior.",
   "locator": "Article II §2 cl.2; Article III §1",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "A particular valid appointment ACT; template only"
  },
  {
   "id": "O05",
   "type": "OCCUPANCY",
   "title": "Presidential succession and inability",
   "holder": "vp",
   "target": "president",
   "scope": "Succession to the office, or temporary discharge as Acting President.",
   "conditions": "Amendment XXV distinguishes death/removal/resignation, voluntary inability and contested inability; thresholds and timelines differ.",
   "locator": "Amendment XXV §§1, 3–4",
   "source": "A",
   "origin": "Qualifying event and required declarations / determinations"
  },
  {
   "id": "O06",
   "type": "OCCUPANCY",
   "title": "Fill a vice-presidential vacancy",
   "holder": "president",
   "target": "vp",
   "scope": "Occupancy of a vacant vice-presidential office.",
   "conditions": "President nominates; a majority of each House confirms. Distinct from ordinary Senate-only appointment consent.",
   "locator": "Amendment XXV §2",
   "source": "A",
   "origin": "Valid nomination and confirmation ACTs"
  },
  {
   "id": "P34",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Break a tied Senate vote",
   "holder": "vp",
   "target": "senate",
   "scope": "Voting in the Senate when equally divided.",
   "conditions": "No ordinary Senate vote otherwise. This does not erase a separate constitutional supermajority requirement.",
   "locator": "Article I §3 cl.4",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P35",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Issue vacancy writs / authorized appointments",
   "holder": "stateexec",
   "target": "senate",
   "scope": "Election writs for congressional vacancies; authorized temporary Senate appointments.",
   "conditions": "House vacancies require election writs. Temporary Senate appointments require state-legislative authorization.",
   "locator": "Article I §2 cl.4; Amendment XVII",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P36",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Propose constitutional amendments",
   "holder": "amendment",
   "target": "law",
   "scope": "Proposals through Congress or a convention called on state applications.",
   "conditions": "Two-thirds of each House, OR applications from two-thirds of state legislatures followed by a convention. President has no signature role.",
   "locator": "Article V",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P37",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Ratify constitutional amendments",
   "holder": "states",
   "target": "amendment",
   "scope": "Approve an Article V proposal.",
   "conditions": "Three-fourths of states through legislatures OR conventions, as Congress selects; do not combine the two ratification modes.",
   "locator": "Article V",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "L16",
   "type": "LIMIT",
   "title": "Protect equal state suffrage in the Senate",
   "holder": "amendment",
   "target": "senate",
   "scope": "An amendment depriving a state of equal Senate suffrage.",
   "conditions": "Requires that state’s consent. The other Article V express restrictions were time-limited to before 1808.",
   "locator": "Article V",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P38",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Admit new states; govern territory",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "territories",
   "scope": "Admission of states; rules concerning U.S. territory and property.",
   "conditions": "Creating a state within or from existing states also requires the affected state legislatures’ consent.",
   "locator": "Article IV §3",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "D04",
   "type": "DUTY",
   "title": "Guarantee republican government and protection",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "states",
   "scope": "U.S. guarantee of republican state government and protection against invasion.",
   "conditions": "Domestic-violence protection is on specified state application. The obligation is on the United States; Congress is a display aggregate.",
   "locator": "Article IV §4",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "D05",
   "type": "DUTY",
   "title": "Full faith and credit across states",
   "holder": "states",
   "target": "statecourts",
   "scope": "Public acts, records and judicial proceedings of other states.",
   "conditions": "Congress may prescribe proof and effect by general laws; application has interpretive limits.",
   "locator": "Article IV §1",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "D06",
   "type": "DUTY",
   "title": "Support the Constitution by oath",
   "holder": "states",
   "target": "law",
   "scope": "Covered federal and state legislative, executive and judicial officers.",
   "conditions": "Constitutional oath or affirmation requirement. No religious test may be required for federal office.",
   "locator": "Article VI cl.3",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "P39",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Authorize local institutions",
   "holder": "states",
   "target": "local",
   "scope": "State-specific powers of counties, municipalities and districts.",
   "conditions": "Requires the applicable state constitution, statutes or charter; this aggregate cannot resolve a particular local action.",
   "locator": "State constitutions and statutes",
   "source": "L",
   "origin": "State-specific constituting / enabling ACTs; not enumerated",
   "confidence": "aggregate"
  },
  {
   "id": "P40",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Exercise inherent tribal self-government",
   "holder": "tribes",
   "target": "tribes",
   "scope": "Tribal self-government in its legally recognized sphere.",
   "conditions": "Inherent authority, not a delegation from a state. Federal Indian law and tribal-specific sources are beyond this backbone.",
   "locator": "Inherent tribal sovereignty",
   "source": "T",
   "origin": "Tribal ground holders / legal orders; recognition is not creation",
   "confidence": "aggregate"
  },
  {
   "id": "L17",
   "type": "LIMIT",
   "title": "Limit presidential elections",
   "holder": "people",
   "target": "president",
   "scope": "Election to the presidency under Amendment XXII.",
   "conditions": "Generally no more than two elections; more than two years of another’s term permits only one election. This is not a universal ten-year tenure rule.",
   "locator": "Amendment XXII",
   "source": "A",
   "origin": "Ratification of the cited amendment(s)"
  },
  {
   "id": "L18",
   "type": "LIMIT",
   "title": "Delay congressional pay changes",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "congress",
   "scope": "Effect of a law varying congressional compensation.",
   "conditions": "An election of Representatives must intervene before the change takes effect.",
   "locator": "Amendment XXVII",
   "source": "A",
   "origin": "Ratification of the cited amendment(s)"
  },
  {
   "id": "L19",
   "type": "LIMIT",
   "title": "Observe officer eligibility and disqualification",
   "holder": "people",
   "target": "president",
   "scope": "Constitutional qualifications for federal office.",
   "conditions": "Article-specific age, citizenship and residency rules apply. Amendment XIV §3 has distinct conditions and a two-thirds-each-House disability-removal rule; contested application needs a determination.",
   "locator": "Articles I–II; Amendment XIV §3",
   "source": "C",
   "origin": "Constitutional ratifying acts (aggregate)"
  },
  {
   "id": "DC01",
   "type": "ACT",
   "title": "Enact the Home Rule Act",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "homerule",
   "scope": "Establish a statutory framework for local self-government.",
   "conditions": "Federal enactment procedure; charter approval is a separate local act. Congress retains authority over the District.",
   "locator": "1973 Home Rule Act",
   "source": "H",
   "origin": "Congress exercises Article I §8 cl.17 through federal legislative procedure"
  },
  {
   "id": "DC02",
   "type": "ACT",
   "title": "Approve the home-rule charter",
   "holder": "dcpeople",
   "target": "homerule",
   "scope": "District voters approve the charter in the 1974 referendum.",
   "conditions": "Electoral approval under the statutory procedure; not an unlimited original grant of sovereignty.",
   "locator": "1974 charter referendum",
   "source": "H",
   "origin": "Local approval procedure authorized by the Home Rule Act"
  },
  {
   "id": "DC03",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Legislate for local affairs",
   "holder": "dccouncil",
   "target": "dc",
   "scope": "Rightful subjects of legislation within the District.",
   "conditions": "Subject to the Constitution, the Home Rule Act and its reservations and limitations; not every proposed local act is authorized.",
   "locator": "D.C. Code §1–203.02",
   "source": "DL",
   "origin": "Home Rule Act §302 and Council vesting under §404; statutory home-rule settlement"
  },
  {
   "id": "DC04",
   "type": "OCCUPANCY",
   "title": "Elect D.C. Council members",
   "holder": "dcpeople",
   "target": "dccouncil",
   "scope": "Fill Council seats through valid local elections.",
   "conditions": "Registered qualified electors; district-wide and ward seats, qualifications and applicable election procedures. Template only, not a roster.",
   "locator": "D.C. Code §1–204.01",
   "source": "DE",
   "origin": "Particular valid election ACTs under the Home Rule Act and election law"
  },
  {
   "id": "DC05",
   "type": "POWER",
   "title": "Exercise reserved congressional authority",
   "holder": "congress",
   "target": "dc",
   "scope": "Legislate for the District, including amending or repealing local laws.",
   "conditions": "Requires federal legislation; this reservation does not make a unilateral statement by an official effective law.",
   "locator": "D.C. Code §1–206.01",
   "source": "DR",
   "origin": "Article I §8 cl.17; retained authority expressly recognized by Home Rule Act §601"
  }
 ],
 "views": {
  "dc": {
   "title": "One place. Two routes back to the people.",
   "description": "Read the left-hand source path downward, or trace a local power upward. The right-hand path shows residents approving the charter and electing officeholders. Territory selects the lens; it does not confer authority.",
   "nodes": [
    [
     "people",
     100,
     20
    ],
    [
     "settlement",
     100,
     190
    ],
    [
     "congress",
     100,
     360
    ],
    [
     "homerule",
     480,
     360
    ],
    [
     "dccouncil",
     480,
     540
    ],
    [
     "dcpeople",
     830,
     190
    ],
    [
     "dc",
     830,
     540
    ]
   ],
   "edges": [
    [
     "people",
     "settlement",
     "ratification",
     "A01"
    ],
    [
     "settlement",
     "congress",
     "district power",
     "P12"
    ],
    [
     "congress",
     "homerule",
     "1973 enactment",
     "DC01"
    ],
    [
     "dcpeople",
     "homerule",
     "1974 approval",
     "DC02"
    ],
    [
     "homerule",
     "dccouncil",
     "local power",
     "DC03"
    ],
    [
     "dcpeople",
     "dccouncil",
     "elect members",
     "DC04"
    ],
    [
     "dccouncil",
     "dc",
     "local legislation",
     "DC03"
    ],
    [
     "congress",
     "dc",
     "reserved authority",
     "DC05"
    ]
   ]
  },
  "origins": {
   "title": "Where authority begins",
   "description": "A projection of accepted grounds, constituting acts and resulting powers. State and tribal authority are not federal delegations.",
   "nodes": [
    [
     "people",
     450,
     20
    ],
    [
     "settlement",
     450,
     180
    ],
    [
     "congress",
     40,
     365
    ],
    [
     "president",
     315,
     365
    ],
    [
     "scotus",
     590,
     365
    ],
    [
     "states",
     865,
     180
    ],
    [
     "departments",
     315,
     555
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